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Pope Benedict XII
Pope Benedict XII ((ラテン語:Benedictus XII); died 25 April 1342), born Jacques Fournier,〔George L. Williams, ''Papal Genealogy:The Families and Descendants of the Popes'', (McFarland & Company Inc., 1998), 42.〕 was Pope from 20 December 1334 to his death in 1342. He was the third Avignon Pope.
==Early life==
Little is known of the origins of Jacques Fournier. He is believed to have been born in Canté in the Comté de Foix around the 1280s to a family of modest means. He became a Cistercian〔Jonathan Sumption, ''Trial by Battle'', Vol.1, (Faber and Faber, 1990), 152-153.〕 monk and left the countryside to study at the University of Paris. In 1311 he was made Abbot of Fontfroide Abbey and quickly became known for his intelligence and organizational ability. In 1317 he was made Bishop of Pamiers. There he undertook a rigorous hunt for Cathar heretics,〔Lutz Kaelber, ''Schools of Asceticism: Ideology and Organization in Medieval Religious Communities'', (The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 219.〕 such as Guillaume Bélibaste, which won him praise from religious authorities, but alienated the local people.
His efforts against the Cathars of Montaillou in the Ariège were carefully recorded in the Fournier Register, which he took to Rome and deposited in the Vatican Library.〔Norman Davies, ''Europe: A History'', (Oxford University Press, 1996), 411.〕 His transcription was edited by Jean Duvernoy and has been documented by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's pioneering microhistory, ''Montaillou, village occitan.''
In 1326, upon the successful rooting out of the last – it was believed – heretics of the south, he was made Bishop of Mirepoix in the Ariège, and, a year later, in 1327, he was made a cardinal.
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